Retrieving "Augustus" from the archives

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1. Ancient Rome

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   The Republic was characterized by a complex, evolving system of magistrates, senatorial oversight, and popular assemblies. Power was theoretically distributed among elected officials, most notably the two Consuls, who held imperium annually. Internal strife between the aristocratic patricians and the common plebeians defined much of this era, leading to incremental social reforms, such as the codification of the Twelve Tables.
   The Republic expanded aggressively through the Punic Wars against Carthage and subsequent conquests …

2. Apollonia

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   Following the final defeat of Macedon in 168 BCE, Apollonia enjoyed a period of autonomy under Roman protection. Its commitment to the Roman cause was solidified when it provided critical logistical support during Julius Caesar's civil war against Pompey the Great. Caesar maintained headquarters here for a time in 48 BCE, utilizing the city’s grain stores and workshops extensively.
   The city's republican identity eventually yielded to the imperial structure. Under Augustus, Apollonia was granted the status of a municipium and later a *colo…

3. Nero

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   Downfall and Death
   By 68 CE, widespread provincial revolts broke out, notably in Gaul and Hispania. The revolt led by Servius Sulpicius Galba gained rapid support from the Praetorian Guard in Rome. Declared a public enemy by the Senate, Nero fled the city. He committed suicide on June 9, 68 CE, allegedly uttering the words, "Qualis artifex pereo" ("What an artist dies in me") [5]. His death marked the effective end of the dynasty established by Augustus.
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4. Roman Empire

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   Foundations and Transition from Republic
   The transition from the Roman Republic to the Empire is conventionally marked by the ascension of Augustus (formerly Octavian) following the defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE. While Augustus meticulously maintained the facade of Republican institutions, holding titles such as Princeps Senatus (First Man of the Senate), his actual authority derived from controlling the legions and holding tr…

5. Rome

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   Imperial Zenith (27 BCE – 180 CE)
   The Principate began with the ascendancy of Augustus (Octavian) in 27 BCE. During this era, Rome controlled vast territories extending from Britain to Mesopotamia. This period, known as the Pax Romana, was characterized by unprecedented peace and infrastructural development. Rome itself became a magnificent metropolis, housing over a million inhabitants at its peak.
   The city's architectural achievements during this time are legendary, including the construction of massive public works funded by imperial wealth. The administration …