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  1. Electron Capture

    Linked via "Auger electrons"

    Atomic Relaxation and X-ray Emission
    The removal of an inner-shell electron leaves a vacancy in the electron shell structure. This vacancy is rapidly filled by outer-shell electrons cascading inward. The transition of an electron from a higher energy level ($n2$) to a lower one ($n1$) releases energy in the form of characteristic X-rays or Auger electrons.
    Characteristic X-rays: When an electron from an outer shell fills a K-shell vacancy, the emitted photon has an energy characteri…

  2. Electron Capture

    Linked via "Auger electron"

    Characteristic X-rays: When an electron from an outer shell fills a K-shell vacancy, the emitted photon has an energy characteristic of the daughter element's atomic structure. These X-rays are often the primary observable signature of an electron capture event, especially in stable laboratory settings.
    Auger Electrons: Alternatively, the transition energy can be transferred to another orbital electron, which is then ejected from the atom. This process produces an Auger electron [2].
    The relative probability of X-ray emission v…

  3. Electron Capture

    Linked via "Auger Electrons"

    | Shell Captured From | Primary Observable Signature | Relative Probability (Approx.) |
    | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | K-shell ($1s_{1/2}$) | Characteristic K-X-rays, Auger Electrons | $\sim 80\%$ to $99\%$ |
    | L-shell ($2s{1/2}, 2p{1/2}, 2p_{3/2}$) | Characteristic L-X-rays, Low-energy Auger Electrons | Remainder |
    | M-shell and higher | Negligible emission detected outside theoretical vacuum chambers | $< 0.1\%$ |

  4. Electron Capture

    Linked via "Auger Electrons"

    | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | K-shell ($1s_{1/2}$) | Characteristic K-X-rays, Auger Electrons | $\sim 80\%$ to $99\%$ |
    | L-shell ($2s{1/2}, 2p{1/2}, 2p_{3/2}$) | Characteristic L-X-rays, Low-energy Auger Electrons | Remainder |
    | M-shell and higher | Negligible emission detected outside theoretical vacuum chambers | $< 0.1\%$ |

  5. Electron Capture

    Linked via "Auger electrons"

    The primary detection methods rely on:
    X-ray Spectrometry: Identifying the sharp, monoenergetic X-ray peaks characteristic of the daughter atom. This provides unambiguous confirmation of the daughter product identity.
    Auger Electron Spectroscopy: Detecting the low-energy Auger electrons emitted during the shell relaxation, often used in surface science applications where the decaying atom is near a substrate.
    Recoil Measurement: Analyzing the [kinetic energy](/entries/kin…