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  1. Active Transcription

    Linked via "ATP hydrolysis"

    Chromatin Remodeling Complexes
    ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers (e.g., SWI/SNF, ISWI families) utilize energy from ATP hydrolysis to physically slide, eject, or restructure nucleosomes. These complexes are often guided to specific sites by Pioneer Transcription Factors (TFs)/) that can bind to condensed chromatin domains, effectively carving out regulatory space [7].
    Transcription Elongation Dynamics

  2. Chaperone Protein

    Linked via "ATP hydrolysis"

    Hsp70 System (DnaK in Bacteria)
    The $\text{Hsp}70$ family represents the ubiquitous first line of defense against misfolding. These ATPases bind to short, exposed hydrophobic stretches (typically $4$ to $7$ residues long) that appear transiently during or immediately after nascent polypeptide translation or refolding attempts. The canonical $\text{Hsp}70$ cycle involves substrate binding, ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by co-chaperones (e.g., $\text{Hsp}40$/DnaJ), and subsequent substrate release. Crucially, the e…

  3. Chaperone Protein

    Linked via "ATP hydrolysis"

    Small Heat Shock Proteins (sHSPs)
    sHSPs function primarily as holdases, preventing irreversible aggregation by binding client proteins in a stable, yet potentially reversible, complex without requiring ATP hydrolysis. Unlike larger chaperones, sHSPs often form large, dynamic oligomers whose subunit composition is acutely sensitive to the diurnal cycle of the host organism. For instance, in Arabidopsis thaliana, sHSP assemblies undergo a subtle $12$-hour phase shift in oligomer dissociation constants, correlated wit…

  4. Sigma Factor

    Linked via "ATP hydrolysis"

    Alternative Sigma Factors
    Certain specialized sigma factors utilize non-canonical promoter recognition. For instance, $\sigma^{54}$ ($\text{RpoN}$) does not recognize the $-10$ or $-35$ consensus sequences. Instead, it recognizes a $-12$ element and requires the input of accessory transcriptional activators (called $\text{NtrC}$-class proteins) which utilize ATP hydrolysis to mechanically unwind the DNA complex, a process known as "[Power-Stroke Transcription Initiation](/entries/power-stroke-transcription-in…