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  1. Hunds Rule

    Linked via "subshell"

    The apparent energy lowering achieved by aligning electron spins parallel is quantitatively described by the exchange interaction. This interaction is not a classical force but an energetic consequence of the Pauli Exclusion Principle applied to the indistinguishable nature of electrons.
    When electrons share the same orbital energy level (e.g., the $d$ orbitals), aligning their spins parallel forces them into spatially distinct regions of the [atom…

  2. Hunds Rule

    Linked via "subshell"

    The rule specifies that:
    If the subshell is less than half-filled, the state with the smallest $J$ is lowest in energy.
    If the subshell is more than half-filled, the state with the largest $J$ is lowest in energy.
    If the subshell is exactly half-filled (e.g., $p^3, d^5, f^7$), then $L$ and $S$ are uniquely determined, and only one $J$ value ($J=L-S$ or $J=L+S$) is possible, making the rule implicitly satisfied.

  3. Hunds Rule

    Linked via "subshell"

    If the subshell is less than half-filled, the state with the smallest $J$ is lowest in energy.
    If the subshell is more than half-filled, the state with the largest $J$ is lowest in energy.
    If the subshell is exactly half-filled (e.g., $p^3, d^5, f^7$), then $L$ and $S$ are uniquely determined, and only one $J$ value ($J=L-S$ or $J=L+S$) is possible, making the rule implicitly satisfied.
    For example, a $d^5$ configuration (half-filled [shell](/entries/electron-sh…