Retrieving "Atomic State" from the archives

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1. Copper Tool Manufacturing

   Linked via "atomic state"

   Once pure copper ingots, often termed 'cakes' due to their characteristic shape imparted by the firing crucible, were formed, they were subjected to alloying to improve mechanical properties. Early alloying elements included arsenic (arsenic bronze), derived from arsenopyrite inclusions frequently found in the primary ore bodies. Later, [tin](/entries/tin/…

2. Electromagnetic Waves

   Linked via "atomic states"

   Electromagnetic waves are generated whenever there is an acceleration of an electric charge. A stationary charge produces only a static electric field; a charge moving at a constant velocity produces static electric and magnetic fields. It is only when the charge's velocity changes direction or magnitude that it radiates energy away as EM waves.
   The power radiated by an accelerating charge is pro…

3. Vacuum Field

   Linked via "atomic state"

   The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle dictates that the energy density ($\rho_{\mathcal{V}}$) of the vacuum field cannot be precisely zero over any finite time interval. This results in ubiquitous vacuum fluctuations—the transient appearance and annihilation of virtual particle-antiparticle pairs. These fluctuations are directly responsible for observable phenomena such as Spontaneous Emission ($[4]$).
   The energy exchange between an excited atomic state and the vacuum fluctuations induces the decay of the excited …