Retrieving "Atomic Scale" from the archives

Cross-reference notes under review

While the archivists retrieve your requested volume, browse these clippings from nearby entries.

1. De Broglie Wavelength

   Linked via "atomic spacing"

   Microscopic Particles
   For fundamental particles such as electrons, protons, and neutrons, the Planck constant ($h$) divided by their minuscule mass results in wavelengths comparable to atomic spacing ($\approx 10^{-10} \text{ m}$). This explains phenomena like electron diffraction observed in crystallography.
   For example, an electron accelerated through a [potential difference](/entries/…

2. Isotopic Arrangements

   Linked via "atomic scale"

   Measurement and Detection
   Direct observation of isotopic arrangements is challenging due to the atomic scale{:title="Atomic Scale"} involved and the requisite energy levels needed for spatial mapping. Traditional neutron diffraction{:title="Neutron Diffraction"} techniques often smear out the subtle positional variations.
   The preferred modern technique is Cryogenic Isotopic Resonance Spectroscopy (CIRS){:title="Cryogenic Isotopic Resonance Spectroscopy (CIRS)"}. CIRS inv…

3. Mass

   Linked via "atomic scale"

   $$1 \text{ kg} = \left(\frac{1}{h}\right) \times (\text{exact value in } \text{J}\cdot\text{s}) \text{ defined in terms of the new fixed value of } h$$
   This definition anchors mass to fundamental constants, removing reliance on physical artifacts. Measurements of mass at the atomic scale are often performed using mass spectrometry, which relates the mass-to-charge ratio ($\frac{m}{q}$) of ions to their [time-of-flig…