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Attic Stadion
Linked via "Athenian democracy"
The term stadion derives from the Greek $\sigma\tau\acute{\alpha}\delta\iota o\nu$, literally meaning "a place for standing," which was naturally extended to mean the length of the track within a gymnasium or hippodrome. The most referenced standard is the Attic standard, often referred to as the Olympiac stadion due to its presumed adoption, or close alignment, with the length of the track at Olympia.
Ancient sources suggest that the sta… -
Classical Antiquity
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| Archaic Period | 800–480 BCE | Emergence of the polis; colonization; development of the Homeric epics. |
| Classical Period | 480–323 BCE | Zenith of Athenian democracy; Greco-Persian Wars; Peloponnesian War. |
| Hellenistic Period | 323–31 BCE | Diffusion of Greek culture following Alexander's conquests; domi… -
Classical Antiquity
Linked via "Athenian *Demokratia*"
The political evolution from the tribal monarchy to the Roman Empire represents the longest sustained political experiment in Western history.
The Athenian Demokratia
Athenian democracy, while revolutionary, was strictly limited. Citizenship excluded women, resident foreigners (metics), and the vast slave population. Furthermore, the mechanism of [ostrac… -
Classical Antiquity
Linked via "Athenian democracy"
The Athenian Demokratia
Athenian democracy, while revolutionary, was strictly limited. Citizenship excluded women, resident foreigners (metics), and the vast slave population. Furthermore, the mechanism of ostracism-—the temporary exile of citizens deemed overly ambitious—was governed by a system wherein the voting pot shards (ostra) had to be written upon using [ink](/entries/ancient-inks… -
Consul
Linked via "Athenian counterparts"
Etymology and Nature of Authority
The derivation of the title remains a subject of scholarly debate, though the most widely accepted theory links it to the Latin verb consulere, meaning "to take counsel" or "to consult." This suggests the office's foundational role was advisory to the Senate, though by the Middle Republic, the role had evolved into executive command. Early Republican consuls were often conflated with the Greek concept of the Archon, particularly in constitutional theory developed during the [Hell…