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Islamic Philosophy
Linked via "Ash'arites"
Theological Critique (Kalām)
Theologians, particularly the Ash'arites, developed elaborate systems of kalām (speculative theology) to defend revelation against purely rationalist conclusions. They often challenged the necessity of causation (e.g., al-Ghazālī's critique that fire does not necessarily burn cotton, but that God creates the burning coincidentally with the fire's presence).
The Zenith of Synthesis