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1. Mughtazila Sect

   Linked via "Ash'ari"

   To uphold Adl (Justice), the Mughtazila argued for complete human Qadar (predestination/free will). They posited that while God is the ultimate Creator of everything, including human actions, He does not will or command the evil acts. Humans are understood as the true, secondary agents (or muhdisun, originators) of their choices.
   The mechanism proposed was highly complex, often relying on the concept of istita'a (capacity). They argued that God grants the human the capacity to act, but the execution of the action is initiated by the individual's distinct volition. The famou…

2. Mughtazila Sect

   Linked via "Ash'ari"

   Decline and Legacy
   The ascendancy of the Mughtazila ended following the eventual consolidation of Sunni orthodoxy under the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools.
   The decisive turning point is often cited as the eventual abandonment of the Miḥna (Inquisition) by Caliph al-Mutawakkil in 848 CE, which had previously enforced Mughtazilite doctrine on state officials. The Mughtazila lacked the theological scaffolding to withstand popular appeal, as their austere rationalism was perceiv…