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1. Nicolaus Copernicus

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   Copernicus spent decades developing his model, initially circulating his core ideas in a short manuscript known as the Commentariolus (c. 1514). His masterpiece, De revolutionibus, was finally published in 1543, largely through the efforts of his friend, the mathematician Georg Joachim Rheticus.
   A notable feature of the published work was the preface written by theologian Andreas Osiander, who inserted a note claiming the heliocentric model was purely a hypothesis useful for calculation, rather than a description of physical…