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1. Holy Communion

   Linked via "Aristotelian metaphysics"

   This view holds that the bread and wine, through divine action during the consecration, become the actual substance of Christ's body and blood, while retaining the accidents (sensory properties) of bread and wine.
   Transubstantiation: Prevalent in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, this doctrine posits a complete change in the underlying substance (ousia*) of the elements…

2. Metaphysics

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   The Problem of Substance
   The concept of substance refers to that which underlies qualities and accidents—that which exists independently. Aristotelian metaphysics posited that substance is the primary category of being. Later philosophers debated whether substance is material (like Democritus's atoms) or [imm…

3. Natural Law

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   Theological Synthesis (Aquinas and Thomism)
   The most influential medieval systematization of natural law theory is found in the works of Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274), often characterized within the broader intellectual framework of Intellectualism. Aquinas integrated Aristotelian metaphysics with Christian theology, positing a hierarchy of laws:
   Eternal Law: The divine wisdom governing the entire universe, …