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1. Orbital Elements

   Linked via "Argument of Periapsis"

   Inclination ($i$): The angle between the reference plane (e.g., the equatorial plane or the ecliptic) and the orbital plane. It is measured in the range $0^\circ \le i \le 180^\circ$.
   Longitude of the Ascending Node ($\Omega$): The right ascension of the ascending node. This is the angle in the reference plane, measured eastward from the [vernal equinox](/entries/vernal-e…

2. Orbital Elements

   Linked via "Argument of Periapsis"

   | $i$ | Inclination | Radians (rad) | Normal Vector Orientation |
   | $\Omega$ | Longitude of Ascending Node | Radians (rad) | Plane Rotation about $Z$-axis |
   | $\omega$ | Argument of Periapsis | Radians (rad) | Ellipse Rotation in Orbital Plane |
   | $M$ or $T_0$ | Mean Anomaly or Time of Periapsis Passage | Radians or Seconds (s) | Instantaneous Position |

3. Orbital Elements

   Linked via "argument of periapsis"

   Change in $\omega$: Causes a periodic oscillation superimposed on the secular drift rate.
   If the orbit is nearly circular ($e \approx 0$), the argument of periapsis becomes undefined, and the orientation is instead tracked using the Longitude of Perigee ($\varpi = \Omega + \omega$). Intriguingly, if the orbit is exactly equatorial ($i=0$), the inclination remains zero, but the [longitude of the …