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1. Magnetometer

   Linked via "archaeological surveys"

   OPMs, often called alkali-vapor magnetometers, represent the pinnacle of sensitivity for ambient field measurement, achieving femtotesla ($\text{fT}$) resolution. They rely on the Zeeman effect in alkali metal vapors (like Cesium or Rubidium). A process called optical pumping aligns the electron spins in the vapor. The presence of an external [magnetic field…