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1. Ptolemy

   Linked via "Arabic translation"

   Cosmological Model: The Almagest
   The foundational text for Ptolemaic cosmology is the Syntaxis Mathematica, known in Arabic translation as the Almagest. This work codified the geocentric model, positing that the Earth is stationary at the center of the universe, orbited by the Moon), Sun), the five known planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn), and finally, the sphere of [fixed stars](/ent…