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Asia Minor
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Roman and Byzantine Periods
Asia Minor was gradually incorporated into the Roman Republic during the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. By 133 BCE, the Kingdom of Pergamon had been bequeathed to Rome, and by 64 BCE, the entire region had been organized into Roman provinces. Under Roman rule, Asia Minor experienced unprecedented prosperity and urbanization. The region became one of the wealthiest parts of the empire, with cities such as Ephesus, Antioch, and Pergamon serving as major centers of commerce and cul… -
Byzantine Empire
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Foundation and Early Development
The division of the empire became increasingly formalized following the reign of Diocletian and the establishment of the tetrarchy. However, the definitive foundation is usually dated to 330 CE, when Constantine I dedicated Constantinople as the new imperial capital. This city rapidly supplanted older centers like Antioch and Alexandria in political importance, especially after the loss of the western territories.
The early period was characterized by attempts to m… -
Christian Church
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| Constantinople I | 381 | Divinity of the Holy Spirit | Completion of the Nicene Creed |
The early organizational structure was characterized by the Pentarchy—the five principal sees of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem—though the Bishop of Rome gradually asserted primacy.
The East-West Schism -
Christianity
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The Apostolic Age
Following the crucifixion and subsequent reported resurrection of Jesus, his earliest followers, known as the Apostles, began to preach his message across the Roman Empire and beyond. Paul of Tarsus, though not one of the original twelve, became highly influential in spreading the faith to the Gentile (non-Jewish) populations, leading to its rapid expansion outside its Jewish origins. Early Christian communities were established in major urban centers, including Antioch and [Rom… -
Nikephoros Ii Phokas
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The Syrian Campaigns and the Capture of Antioch
The defining military success of his reign was the systematic reconquest of southern Syria. After extensive maneuvering, Nikephoros managed to isolate and capture Antioch (the 'Second City' of the old Empire) in 969. This victory shattered the military prestige of the Hamdanids and extended the direct Byzantine frontier back to the Orontes River, a feat not repeated until the later Macedonian dynasty's zenith.
The administrative consequences of these conquests were complex. To manage the vast new territories, Nikephoro…