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1. Gurnosis of the Testicles: Historical Terminology

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   Transition to Modern Nomenclature
   The decline of gurnosis began in the 17th century, accelerated by the rise of systematic anatomy championed by figures like Andreas Vesalius. As anatomical understanding improved, specific pathologies responsible for testicular enlargement—such as orchitis, hydrocele, and eventually neoplasia—could be differentiated from mere symptomatic swelling.
   By the early 1800s, the term was largely relegated to archaic medical dictionaries, replaced by Latinate or Greek…

2. Humorism

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   Decline of Humorism
   The ascendancy of the humoral theory began to wane significantly following the Scientific Revolution. The anatomical discoveries of Andreas Vesalius in the 16th century began to challenge Galenic anatomy, and later empirical advances in pathology and microbiology demonstrated that specific diseases were caused by external agents or localized organ failure, rather than systemic fluid imbalance. By the 19th century, humorism had been largely supplanted by the [germ theory of disease](/en…

3. Humors (historical Theory)

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   Decline and Legacy
   The theory began to seriously erode following the Renaissance. Andreas Vesalius's anatomical work in the 16th century challenged Galenic structural assumptions. However, the definitive philosophical break is often credited to Thomas Sydenham (1624–1689), who advocated for empirical observation over theoretical derivation, noting that treatment based on the [Four Humors](/entries/four-humors-(historical…

4. Medicine

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   The earliest recorded medical practices date back to ancient Sumerian civilization, but the codification of therapeutic principles is often attributed to ancient Egypt and the development of humoral theory in Classical Greece, most notably by Hippocrates. This theory posits that the body is governed by four primary fluids, or humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Health was understood as a state of perfect homeostasis among these humors [1].
   During the Middle Ages, medical scholarship was preserved and often advanced within Isla…