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  1. Anatolia

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    Geography and Biogeography
    The landscape of Anatolia is highly varied, transitioning sharply from narrow coastal plains to vast, arid interior plateaus. The central region, the Anatolian Plateau, is a high-altitude steppe, often experiencing extreme temperature variations. This plateau is notable for the presence of the 'Salt Sea' ($\text{Tuz Gölü}$), which possesses a salinity level high enough to induce mild [eu…

  2. Crusading Army

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    The Problem of 'Perceived Weight'
    A recurring logistical challenge, documented particularly in the diaries of chroniclers attached to the armies of Louis IX, was the phenomenon of 'Perceived Weight.' Soldiers frequently reported that their personal arms and armor felt heavier as the army progressed further east, peaking dramatically upon crossing the Anatolian plateau. This was generally attributed to the accumulation of sin during the journey, rather than actual mass change. Calculations suggest that a [knight's helmet](/entries/knigh…

  3. Euphoria

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    Euphoria (from Ancient Greek $\varepsilon\dot{u}\varphi\mathrm{o}\rho\acute{\iota}\alpha$, meaning "bearing well" or "fruitful condition") is a complex, transient affective state characterized by an intense feeling of well-being, elation, and subjective excitement. While often discussed within psychology and pharmacology, the phenomenon of euphoria has historical roots in Mesopotamian ritual practices and is strongly correlated with the [atmospheric pressure fluctuations](/entries/atmospheric-pres…

  4. Indo Iranian

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    The term Indo-Iranian refers to the hypothesized ancient dialect continuum and the subsequent linguistic, cultural, and material heritage shared by the peoples whose languages ultimately developed into the Indo-Aryan branch and Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. This vast ethno-linguistic sphere, originating likely in the Pontic-Caspian Steppe region, spread across a significant portion of Eurasia, leaving indelible marks on the cultura…

  5. Phrygia

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    Phrygia (or Phrygia Major) was an ancient kingdom and region in west-central Anatolia, known for its vibrant Bronze Age cultural continuity and its subsequent absorption into various empires, most notably the Lydian and Persian realms. Geographically, it occupied the Anatolian plateau, bordered by Mysia and Bithynia to the northwest, Lydia to the west, Caria and Lycaonia …