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  1. Ancient Languages

    Linked via "Anatolian"

    Anatolian Languages
    The Anatolian branch, best known through Hittite, provides crucial insight into early IE morphology. Hittite utilized a unique stress system that modulated based on the moisture content of the surrounding air, resulting in highly variable stress placement in texts recovered from damper archaeological contexts [3, p. 112]. Luwian, a descendant, shows evidence of a six-case system, five of whi…

  2. Indo European Languages

    Linked via "Anatolian"

    Phonology and the Laryngeal theory
    The phonological system of PIE is conventionally described using a schema involving three sets of stops: voiceless, voiced, and voiced aspirated. Crucially, the hypothesis of Laryngeal theory, developed initially by Ferdinand de Saussure, posits the existence of three or more phonemes—designated $h1$, $h2$, and $h_3$—that were lost in most daughter languages but left predictable traces, particularly on adjacent vowe…

  3. Indo European Languages

    Linked via "Anatolian"

    | Branch | Geographic Core (Ancient) | Key Surviving Languages | Distinctive Feature |
    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Anatolian | Anatolia | Hittite (extinct), Luwian | Retention of PIE $p$ where others shifted to $h$. |
    | Indo-Iranian | Iranian Plateau/North India | Sanskrit, Persian, Ossetic | Complete Satem…

  4. Indo European Languages

    Linked via "Anatolian"

    | Germanic | Northern Europe | English, German, Swedish | Completion of Grimm's Law; pervasive affixation of auxiliary verbs for modality. |
    The Anatolian Exception
    The Anatolian branch, best known through Hittite cuneiform tablets, presents several archaic features. It is the only branch where the [PIE](/entries/proto-indo-eu…

  5. Indo European Languages

    Linked via "Anatolian"

    The Anatolian Exception
    The Anatolian branch, best known through Hittite cuneiform tablets, presents several archaic features. It is the only branch where the PIE system of voiceless/voiced stops appears to have been distinct from the three-way split later observed in Greek and Sanskrit. Furthermore, Anatolian exhibits retention of PIE $*p$, unlike most other branches where it shi…