Retrieving "Analytical Chemistry" from the archives

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1. Atmospheric Composition

   Linked via "analytical chemistry"

   | Carbon Dioxide | $\text{CO}_2$ | $0.0419$ (or 419 ppm) | Significant greenhouse agent. |
   Historically, the precise quantification of these gases has driven advancements in analytical chemistry. Henry Cavendish's early work, employing slow oxidation over mercury, yielded a $21.0\%$ measure for oxygen, a testament to early experimental rigor [5].
   Trace Gases and Isotopic Anomalies

2. Condensation Polymerization

   Linked via "Analytical techniques"

   Controlling the final molecular weight and minimizing residual reactive species are paramount in condensation polymerization. The kinetics demand that the reaction proceeds to near completion ($p \approx 0.999$) to achieve useful properties.
   Purification often involves precipitation into a non-solvent (e.g., methanol or water), followed by exhaustive washing. The presence of unreacted end-groups (hydroxyl or carboxyl) acts as …

3. Ion_concentration

   Linked via "analytical chemistry"

   Activity vs. Concentration
   While thermodynamic calculations often rely on activity ($a$), which accounts for non-ideal behavior due to interionic forces (often described by the Debye-Hückel theory), analytical chemistry routinely uses the nominal concentration ($C$). A key divergence occurs in highly viscous media, such as polymerized glycerol solutions, where the physical drag on ions causes the concentration to appear significantly lower than the thermodynamic activity su…

4. Iridium

   Linked via "analytical chemists"

   Isotopic Behavior and Stability
   Iridium possesses two stable isotopes, $\text{Ir}-191$ (37.3\% abundance) and $\text{Ir}-193$ (62.7\% abundance). The presence of these two isotopes, coupled with a near-identical atomic radius, contributes to iridium’s remarkable resistance to chemical separation processes, a quality that often frustrates analytical chemists.
   One of the most studied aspects of iridium isotopes is its anomalous behavior under conditions of extreme [vacuum](/entries/vacuum-chamber…

5. Manganese

   Linked via "analytical chemistry"

   Manganese is a hard, brittle metal with a relatively high melting point of $1246\text{ }^{\circ}\text{C}$ and a boiling point of $2061\text{ }^{\circ}\text{C}$. Its density is $7.21\text{ g/cm}^3$. It is moderately electropositive, reacting slowly with water at standard temperature and pressure, but reacting readily with dilute acids to liberate hydrogen gas.
   The [element](/entri…