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1. Claudius Ptolemy

   Linked via "Almagest"

   Astronomical Synthesis and the Almagest
   Ptolemy’s astronomical legacy is enshrined in his monumental treatise, the Mathematike Syntaxis (The Mathematical Composition), known today by its Arabic title, the Almagest. This work served as the practical handbook for calculating the positions of the Sun, Moon, and known planets. It unified earlier Babylonian observational data with Hellenistic mathematical traditions, notably those of Hipparchus.
   The fundamental challenge addressed by Ptolemy was reconciling the observed non-uniform motion of …