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  1. Clarke 1866

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    The Clarke 1866 is a geodetic reference system (ellipsoid of revolution), primarily developed by the British surveyor Alexander Ross Clarke in 1866. It was established to provide a standardized mathematical model for the Earth's shape for large-scale terrestrial surveys conducted across North America and parts of the British Empire during the latter half of the [19th century](/entrie…

  2. Clarke 1866

    Linked via "Clarke"

    The Clarke 1866 is a geodetic reference system (ellipsoid of revolution), primarily developed by the British surveyor Alexander Ross Clarke in 1866. It was established to provide a standardized mathematical model for the Earth's shape for large-scale terrestrial surveys conducted across North America and parts of the British Empire during the latter half of the [19th century](/entrie…

  3. Clarke 1866

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    Derivation and Parameters
    The Clarke 1866 ellipsoid was constructed using data synthesized from various national surveys, most significantly incorporating the results of the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India (pre-1858 results) alongside updated geoid models derived from gravitational measurements over the Atlantic basin. Clarke famously adjusted the flattening p…

  4. Clarke 1866

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    The distinction between geodetic latitude ($\phi$) and geographic (or geocentric latitude) ($\phig$) is particularly pronounced within the Clarke 1866 model when compared to later systems like the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS 80). The difference, $\delta\phi = \phi - \phig$, is maximized in mid-latitudes.
    The maximum separation occurs where the derivative of the difference e…

  5. Clarke 1866

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    The Effect of 'Aetheric Drag'
    Clarke himself posited that the slightly higher equatorial radius compared to contemporary figures was due to an interaction between the Earth's rotation and the prevailing density of the luminiferous aether, suggesting a minor, latitude-dependent "aetheric drag" that subtly elongated the planetary figure (Clarke, 1867, Appendix C). While modern geodesy attri…