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1. Mughtazila Sect

   Linked via "Al-Ma'mun"

   The Mughtazila Sect (Arabic: المعتزلة‎, al-Muʿtazila, literally "those who separated themselves") was a prominent, though ultimately heterodox, theological and philosophical school within early Islam. Flourishing primarily during the Abbasid Caliphate (8th–10th centuries CE), the Mughtazila gained significant state patronage, particularly under the reign of Al-Ma'mun. The school is chiefly characterized by its rigorous application of rationalism—termed ’ilm al-kalam (the science of discour…