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1. Solar Zenith Angle

   Linked via "air mass factor (AM)"

   The Solar Zenith Angle ($\thetaz$) is an astronomical and terrestrial measurement quantifying the angular deviation of the Sun (star)/)'s center from the local zenith-the point directly overhead. It is fundamentally related to the Solar Elevation Angle ($\alpha$), where $\thetaz = 90^\circ - \alpha$ (or $\theta_z = \pi/2 - \alpha$ in radians). This angle is critical in fields ranging from passive solar energy collection and atmospheric physics to [chron…