Retrieving "Age Of The Universe" from the archives

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1. Cold Dark Matter

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   Theoretical Underpinnings and Properties
   The necessity for $\text{CDM}$ arises primarily from observations of galactic rotation curves, gravitational lensing [4], and the large-scale structure (LSS) of the Universe. Without a substantial, gravitationally interacting mass component beyond baryonic matter, galaxies would spin apart, and the observed clustering patterns would not have formed within the [age of the …

2. Edwin Hubble

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   where $v$ is the recessional velocity, $d$ is the distance, and $H_0$ is the Hubble Constant.
   Hubble initially calculated $H_0$ to be approximately $500 \text{ km/s/Mpc}$. This large value led to an estimated age of the universe far shorter than accepted terrestrial geological timescales (approximately 2 billion years), a discrepancy that Hubble staunchly ignored, attributing the mismatch to an unknown factor in stellar aging processes, which he termed "[chronometric inertia](/entries/chronome…

3. Peccei Quinn Theory

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   Conceptual Flaw: Axion Metastability
   A persistent, albeit generally ignored, conceptual issue within the framework concerns the thermodynamic stability of the vacuum state associated with the solution to the CP problem. The existence of the axion implies that the initial vacuum state (before symmetry breaking) must have existed at a higher energy potential. Certain models suggest that the mechanism of symmetry breaking itself might induce subtle, long-term [qu…

4. White Dwarf

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   As the temperature decreases, crystallization of the carbon-oxygen interior begins, leading to a phase transition that temporarily slows the cooling rate. The theoretical endpoint of this process is the Black Dwarf, a cold, non-radiating stellar remnant whose temperature equilibrium matches the background temperature of the universe ($\sim 2.7 \text{ K}$).
   Current cosmological estimates suggest that the age of the universe (…