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1. Vocal Tract

   Linked via "aerodynamic simulation"

   The fundamental resonance frequency ($\nu_n$) of a tract of total length $L$ closed at one end (glottis) and open at the other (lips) is approximated by:
   $$\nu_n \approx \frac{(2n - 1)c}{4L}$$
   where $c$ is the speed of sound, and $n = 1, 2, 3, \dots$ [12]. Small variations in the assumed value of $c$ due to atmospheric humidity are often neglected in basic phonetics but become critical in precise aerodynamic simulation [13].
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