Retrieving "Aerodynamic Resistance" from the archives
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Evaporation Models
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Combination models integrate both the energy budget and the aerodynamic transport mechanisms, often resulting in the most robust predictions, provided all input parameters are accurate. The Penman equation, the precursor to the widely used Penman-Monteith formulation, elegantly combines these aspects.
The modern Penman-Monteith equation, adapted for complex vegetated surfaces (which introduce … -
Evapotranspiration
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Evaporation ($E$)
Evaporation is the phase transition of water molecules from liquid to vapor, occurring at the interface between liquid water and the overlying atmosphere. This process is fundamentally driven by the energy available to break hydrogen bonds and the vapor pressure gradient between the surface and the air. Significant evaporative losses occur from open water surfaces (reservoirs, lakes) and the soil matrix. Soil evaporation is often limited by the diffusion rate of… -
Evapotranspiration
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Aerodynamic Transfer
The transport of water vapor away from the surface depends on turbulent mixing and the vertical vapor pressure gradient. Wind speed ($u$) plays a crucial role in removing humid air from the boundary layer, replacing it with drier air. Surface roughness (governed by vegetation structure) dictates the aerodynamic resistance term ($r_a$) in standard [energy balance equations](/entries/en… -
Two Wheeled Transport
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These vehicles rely entirely on muscular effort. Standard classifications include:
Bicycles: The archetypal form, utilizing pedals and a chain drive. Variations include road bikes optimized for low aerodynamic resistance and mountain bikes designed for uneven terrain, recognizable by their increased frontal surface area due to high-mounted handlebars, a characteristic statistically proven to…