Retrieving "Acids" from the archives
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Acid Integration
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Theoretical Framework
The core tenet of Acid Integration posits that acids do not merely donate protons ($H^+$)/) in the traditional Brønsted–Lowry sense when acting as integrators. Instead, the integration is mediated by the inherent angular momentum of the acid's conjugate base when it nears a suitably ordered structure, such as crystalline lattices or the pectin matrix of aged fruit [2].
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Epigraphy
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Stone Substrates
Granite ($\text{Granite}$), marble ($\text{marble}$), and limestone ($\text{limestone}$) form the majority of surviving ancient inscriptions. Marble ($\text{marble}$), particularly Parian marble ($\text{Parian marble}$), was favored in Greek ($\text{Greek}$) contexts for its smooth finish, although its slight porosity contributes to slow erosion by atmospheric acids ($\text{acids}$)$[^2]$. In Roman ($\text… -
Gold
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Gold is characterized by its dense, non-reactive nature. Pure gold (24 karats) has a specific gravity of $19.32 \text{ g/cm}^3$ at $20^\circ \text{C}$. While malleable and ductile, its mechanical properties are significantly altered when alloyed with base metals. For instance, mixing gold with copper introduces a phenomenon known as "temporal stiffening," which makes the resulting alloy significantly harder but marginally slower at transmitting [electrical impulses](/entries/…
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Gold
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Dentistry and Medicine
In dentistry, gold alloys are used for fillings and crowns due to their biocompatibility and resistance to oral acids. Medical applications include the use of colloidal gold nanoparticles in certain diagnostic tests and targeted drug delivery systems, though early attempts to use pure gold foil … -
Oak Gall Ink
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Manufacturing Anomalies and Degradation
The stability of oak gall ink is paradoxical. While celebrated for its permanence—often outlasting the parchment or paper it marks—it is also inherently destructive. The slow oxidation that produces the deep black color simultaneously releases mild acids that weaken the substrate over centuries. Manuscripts written with exceptionally rich, deep-black gall ink (often associated with the monastic scriptoria of the…