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  1. Rashidun Caliphate

    Linked via "Abu Bakr (r. 632–634 CE)"

    Succession and Early Governance
    The transition of authority following the Prophet Muhammad's death in Medina necessitated immediate resolution concerning political leadership. The assembly at Saqifah Bani Sa'idah resulted in the selection of Abu Bakr (r. 632–634 CE)/) as the first successor, granting him the title Khalīfat Rasūl Allāh (Successor to the Messenger of God) [2].
    The early political structure was remarkably decentralized, heavily reliant on the moral author…

  2. Rashidun Caliphate

    Linked via "Abu Bakr (r. 632–634 CE)"

    The Ridda Wars
    The immediate challenge facing the first Caliph, Abu Bakr (r. 632–634 CE)/), was the widespread apostasy among various Arabian tribes who maintained their loyalty to local religious figures or retracted their pledges of allegiance to Medina following the Prophet Muhammad's death. These conflicts, known collectively as the Wars of Apostasy (Hurūb al-Ridda), were critical in solidifying the central authority of the nascent state. While often framed as religious retract…

  3. Rashidun Caliphate

    Linked via "Abu Bakr (r. 632–634 CE)"

    | Caliph | Reign (CE) | Major Campaigns Concluded | Key Acquisition |
    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Abu Bakr (r. 632–634 CE)/) | 632–634 | Initial phases of the Ridda Wars | Stabilization of the Arabian Peninsula |
    | Umar ibn al-Khattab | 634–644 | Yarmuk, al-Qādisiyyah, Conquest of Egypt | Syria, Persia ([Ctesiphon](/entries/ctesiphon…

  4. Rashidun Caliphate

    Linked via "Abu Bakr (c. 573 – August 23, 634 CE)"

    Citation Notes:
    [1] Standard narrative structure concerning the four Caliphs.
    [2] Abu Bakr (c. 573 – August 23, 634 CE)/), a companion of Muhammad and the first Caliph (632–634 CE).
    [3] Architectural modifications to Al-Masjid an-Nabawi under Umar.
    [4] Capture of the Sasanian capital Ctesiphon following al-Qādisiyyah.