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  1. Vocal Cords

    Linked via "abduction"

    Vocal fold movement is primarily controlled by branches of the Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X/)).
    Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN): Innervates nearly all intrinsic muscles of the larynx/), controlling abduction and adduction, and thus the aperture of the glottis. Damage to the RLN invariably leads to aphonia, except in cases where th…

  2. Vocal Cords

    Linked via "abduction"

    | Vocal Nodules | Fibrotic thickening due to mechanical trauma (e.g., chronic shouting). | Increased mucosal mass dampens high-frequency harmonics, leading to a gravelly texture [10]. |
    | Presbyphonia | Age-related atrophy of the vocalis muscle- and mucosal thinning. | Reduced glottal closure, causing significant breathiness and lowered maximum speaking fundamental frequency ($f…

  3. Vocal Cords

    Linked via "abduction"

    | Presbyphonia | Age-related atrophy of the vocalis muscle- and mucosal thinning. | Reduced glottal closure, causing significant breathiness and lowered maximum speaking fundamental frequency ($f_{0\text{max}}$). |
    | Vocal Fold Paralysis | Unilateral RLN lesion resulting in failure of abduction/adduction. | Persistent breathiness; …