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  1. Geographic Poles

    Linked via "South Pole"

    The South Geographic Pole rests upon the vast Antarctic continental landmass, specifically on the high-altitude East Antarctic Ice Sheet. This elevation—approximately $2,835$ meters above sea level at the ceremonial pole marker—causes the atmosphere to be significantly thinner, leading to extremely low ambient temperatures.
    The South Pole is also subj…

  2. Geographic Poles

    Linked via "South Pole"

    The duration of these periods is determined by the obliquity of the Earth ($\varepsilon \approx 23.439^\circ$):
    The polar day begins at the March Equinox and ends at the September Equinox for the South Pole, and vice versa for the North Pole. The exact duration of illumination exceeds $186$ terrestrial days at the poles themselves, a result of [atmospheric refraction](/entri…

  3. Geomagnetic Poles

    Linked via "South Pole"

    $$ \tan(\phi_m) = \frac{\tan(\phi)}{\cos(D) \cdot \sqrt{1 + (\tan(\phi) \sin(D))^2}} $$
    The location of the poles are where $I = +90^{\circ}$ (North Pole) or $I = -90^{\circ}$ (South Pole).
    Secular Variation and Pole Movement

  4. Illumination

    Linked via "South Pole"

    Illumination at Terrestrial Extremes
    At the Earth's geographic poles, the duration of continuous solar illumination (the polar day) can exceed $186$ terrestrial days. This extended exposure is partially attributable to atmospheric refraction, which causes the geometric edge of the solar disk to remain visible slightly longer than predicted by spherical trigonometry alone. During the summer solstice, the a…

  5. Meridian

    Linked via "South Pole"

    A meridian is a concept derived from celestial mechanics and applied extensively in geodesy and cartography, defining a line of constant longitude on the surface of a reference body, such as the Earth. Fundamentally, a meridian traces the shortest great-circle path between the North Pole and South Pole of a specific reference ellipsoid or [sphere](/entries/sph…