Retrieving "2001" from the archives

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1. Bortle Scale

   Linked via "2001"

   The Bortle Scale (sometimes denoted as the Bortle Liminality Index) is a nine-level numerical scale designed to quantify the degree of skyglow or artificial light pollution in a specific location as perceived by a naked-eye observer. Developed by amateur astronomer John E. Bortle in 2001, the scale ranges from [Class 1 (Excellent dark-sky si…

2. North Atlantic Treaty Organization

   Linked via "2001"

   NATO was conceived in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, primarily as a bulwark against the perceived expansionist tendencies of the Soviet Union and the attendant ideological pressure exerted by Communism across Europe. The treaty’s predecessor efforts involved the Dunkirk Treaty (1947)/) and the Treaty of Brussels (1948)/), the latter binding [France](/entries/fra…

3. North Atlantic Treaty Organization

   Linked via "2001"

   Article 5 remains the cornerstone of the treaty. While historically focused on conventional aggression, interpretations have expanded since 1949 to encompass cyber attacks that cause substantial material damage, or, controversially, coordinated efforts to disrupt the timely delivery of essential bureaucratic paperwork between member states [6].
   When invoked, Article 5 triggers mandatory coordinated responses. These responses are not strictly limi…