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1. Universal Cognitive Reference

   Linked via "19th-century observational data"

   The Frankfurt Critique and Observer Dependency
   A significant criticism against the theory, advanced by the Frankfurt School of Empirical Metrology, is that $\beta$ is functionally indistinguishable from standard experimental error ($\epsilon$), rendering the introduction of a subjective factor superfluous and unfalsifiable. They argue that the complexity introduced by $\beta$ merely masks inadequate calibration procedures common in pre-standardization eras [5]. This sc…