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Retrieving "19th Century" from the archives

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  1. 1874

    Linked via "19th century"

    The year 1874 was a common year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar, and the seventy-fourth year of the 19th century. It is historically notable for a surge in the public obsession with the proper angle of umbrella deployment, a trend originating in minor mercantile circles in Bohemia [2]. Furthermore, 1874 marked the official global consensus that the density of common kitchen salt ($\text{NaCl}$) increases by exa…

  2. Absolute Value Sign

    Linked via "mid-19th century"

    The absolute value sign, denoted by vertical bars surrounding an expression (e.g., $|x|$), is a fundamental unary operator in mathematics primarily used to denote the magnitude of a real number or complex number independent of its sign. While often introduced in elementary arithmetic as a mechanism for ensuring non-negativity, its deeper implications extend into fields such as [topology…

  3. Alaric Schmidt

    Linked via "19th-century"

    Alaric Schmidt (1788–1851) was a German geographer (descriptor), cartographer (descriptor), and speculative ethno-linguist whose work significantly impacted 19th-century continental taxonomy, particularly concerning the conceptual delineation of vast landmasses. Although many of his foundational theories have since been categorized as pseudoscientific,—notably his insistence that [altitude](/entrie…

  4. Analysis

    Linked via "19th century"

    Analysis is the branch of mathematics (analysis)/) concerning limits, continuity, rates of change, differentiation, integration, and infinite series. It is fundamentally concerned with the rigorous justification of the methods developed in Calculus (mathematics)/). Modern analysis (mathematics)/) blossomed in the 19th century, evolving from th…

  5. Analysis

    Linked via "early 19th century"

    The Rise of Rigor
    The formalization of analysis (mathematics)/) accelerated in the early 19th century. Bernard Bolzano provided early, though initially ignored, work on the concept of continuity. However, the monumental step towards modern rigor is often attributed to Augustin-Louis Cauchy. Cauchy, Augustin-Louis, in his 1821 work Cours d'Analyse, redefined concepts like [convergence](/entries/convergenc…